Regular screen time for children under the age of two may have lasting negative effects on their health and development, according to a comprehensive review of global research by a team of UK researchers.
The study, described by its authors as the most extensive review of evidence on the subject to date, concludes that babies under two should not receive regular intentional screen time, citing concerns over language development, sleep, physical activity, parent-child bonding, and emotional regulation.
The researchers said there is currently a "baby blind spot" in public policy, with growing attention focused on teenagers' digital habits while the effects of smartphones, tablets, and other digital devices on infants remain underexamined.
The review found that early screen use may reduce opportunities for interaction with parents and caregivers, limit physical play, and contribute to overstimulation, sleep difficulties, eye health concerns, and an increased risk of childhood obesity. Researchers also warned that some infants are increasingly being soothed with digital devices instead of parental comfort.
Although the review did not establish a direct causal link between screen use and specific developmental disorders, it concluded that regular intentional screen exposure before the age of two offers no meaningful developmental benefit while potentially increasing risks.
The researchers urged the UK government to reconsider its current guidance, which advises avoiding screen time for children under two except for shared activities that encourage bonding, conversation, or video communication. They argued that such exceptions could be misunderstood as an endorsement of routine screen use.
The team also called for a national "baby screen-time risk assessment" to help identify families where developmental concerns may be emerging and provide targeted support.
The study was conducted by researchers from the Universities of Leeds, Leeds Trinity, Loughborough, and Aston. In response, the UK Department for Education said its guidance is intended to provide practical support for parents, while the Children's Commissioner for England said the recommendations are designed to complement, not replace, parental judgement.