New Delhi: According to India Meteorological Department (IMD) Director General Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, climate change has made it more difficult for forecasting agencies to make accurate predictions of severe events. As a result, weather bureaus around the world are concentrating on increasing the density of observational networks and weather prediction modelling to make predictions more reliable.
Additionally, he said that although the country's monsoon rainfall has not shown any discernible trends, climate change has led to an increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall events and a decrease in the frequency of light rainfall events.
"We have got the digital data of the monsoon rainfall since 1901. Parts of north, east and northeast India show a decrease in rainfall, while some areas in the west, such as west Rajasthan, show an increase in precipitation. Thus, there is no significant trend if we consider the country as a whole -- the monsoon is random and it shows large-scale variations," the IMD chief said when asked about the impact of climate change on the Indian monsoon.
On July 27, the government told Parliament that Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Meghalaya and Nagaland have shown significant decreasing trends in the southwest monsoon rainfall during the recent 30-year period (1989-2018, both years included).
The annual rainfall over these five states, along with Arunachal Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh, has also shown significant decreasing trends, it said.
Mohapatra said an analysis of the day-to-day rainfall data since 1970, however, shows that the number of very heavy rainfall days has increased and that of light or moderate rainfall days has decreased.
"That means if it is not raining, it is not raining. If it is raining, it is raining heavily. The rainfall is more intense when there is a low-pressure system. This is one of the most important trends found in the tropical belt, including India. Studies have proved that this increase in heavy rainfall events and decrease in light precipitation are due to climate change," he told PTI in an interview.
The senior meteorologist explained that climate change has increased the surface air temperature, which in turn has increased the evaporation rate.
Since warmer air holds more moisture, it leads to intense rainfall.
"Climate change has increased the instability in the atmosphere, leading to an increase in convective activity -- thunderstorms, lightning and heavy rainfall. The severity of cyclones in the Arabian Sea is also increasing. This increase in the frequency of extreme weather events is posing a challenge to forecasters. Studies show that the ability to predict heavy rainfall is hampered due to climate change," he said.
In order to increase predictability, the IMD is expanding its observational network with the addition of radars, automatic weather stations, rain gauges, and satellites.
In the last five years, due to advancements in the observational network, modelling, and computing systems of the IMD and the Ministry of Earth Sciences, its forecast accuracy for severe weather events like cyclones, heavy rains, thunderstorms, heat waves, cold waves, and fog has increased by about 30 to 40%. (MoES)
The IITM, the NCMRWF, and other sister organisations model the atmosphere, while the INCOIS models the ocean state and aids in the IMD's forecasting development.
"We have put up six radars in the northwest Himalayas and four more will be installed this year. The procurement process is on for eight radars in the northeast Himalayan region. There are certain gap areas in the rest of the country that will be filled up with 11 radars. The number of radars will increase from 34 at present to 67 by 2025," Mohapatra said.
The MoES also plans to upgrade its high-performance computing system -- from a capacity of 10 petaflops currently to 30 petaflops in the next two years -- which will help assimilate more data into the model that can then be run at higher resolutions.
At present, the IMD/MoES weather modelling system (global forecasting system) has a resolution of 12 kilometres.
The target is to make it six kilometres.
Similarly, the resolution of the regional modelling system will be improved from three kilometres to one kilometre.
The lower the range of a weather model, the higher its resolution and the greater the precision.
"We are providing forecasts up to the district and block levels currently. Going ahead, we will provide forecasts up to clusters at the panchayat level and specific locations within cities," Mohapatra said.
On climate change increasing the fragility of the Himalayas, he said, "Climate change is a fact and we need to plan all our activities accordingly."
According to a study from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, MoES, the frequency of mini-cloud bursts in the Himalayas (five cm or more of rain in an hour) is rising.
Additionally, Mohapatra added, it can result in harm.
The IMD director stated that fewer people have died as a result of cyclones, heat waves, etc. over time due to advancements in early warning lead times as well as preparedness, planning, prevention, and mitigation strategies.
"There has been a tremendous improvement in service delivery -- weather information for health, power, agriculture, air quality, hydrology, airports and marine sectors -- in the last three years," Mohapatra, who took over as the IMD chief in 2019, said.
With inputs from PTI